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Peripheral vision

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Turnover album, see <a href="Peripheral_Vision_(album)" title="Peripheral Vision (album)">Peripheral Vision (album)</a>.</div>

Peripheral vision, or indirect vision, is <a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a> as it occurs outside the <a href="Fixation_(visual)" title="Fixation (visual)">point of fixation</a>, i.e. away from the center of gaze or, when viewed at large angles, in (or out of) the "corner of one's eye". The vast majority of the area in the <a href="Visual_field" title="Visual field">visual field</a> is included in the notion of peripheral vision. "Far peripheral" vision refers to the area at the edges of the visual field, "mid-peripheral" vision refers to medium eccentricities, and "near-peripheral", sometimes referred to as "para-central" vision, exists adjacent to the center of <a href="Fixation_(visual)" title="Fixation (visual)">gaze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StrasburgerRentschler2011-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_boundaries">Inner boundaries</h3></div>

The inner boundaries of peripheral vision can be defined in any of several ways depending on the context. In everyday language the term "peripheral vision" is often used to refer to what in technical usage would be called "far peripheral vision." This is vision outside of the range of stereoscopic vision. It can be conceived as bounded at the center by a circle 60° in radius or 120° in diameter, centered around the fixation point, i.e., the point at which one's gaze is directed.<a href="#cite_note-SardegnaShelly2002-2">[2]</a> However, in common usage, peripheral vision may also refer to the area outside a circle 30° in radius or 60° in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-GrosvenorGrosvenor2007-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhise2011-4">[4]</a> In vision-related fields such as <a href="Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a>, <a href="Optometry" title="Optometry">optometry</a>, or <a href="Vision_science" title="Vision science">vision science</a> in general, the inner boundaries of peripheral vision are defined more narrowly in terms of one of several anatomical regions of the central retina, in particular the <a href="Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a> and the <a href="Macula_of_the_retina" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of the retina">macula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StrasburgerRentschler2011-1">[1]</a>

The fovea is a cone-shaped depression in the central retina measuring 1.5 mm in diameter, corresponding<a href="#cite_note-factor-5">[5]</a> to 5° of the visual field.<a href="#cite_note-Millodot2014-6">[6]</a> The outer boundaries of the fovea are visible under a microscope, or with microscopic imaging technology such as OCT or microscopic MRI. When viewed through the pupil, as in an eye exam (using an <a href="Ophthalmoscopy" title="Ophthalmoscopy">ophthalmoscope</a> or <a href="Fundus_photography" title="Fundus photography">retinal photography</a>), only the central portion of the fovea may be visible. Anatomists refer to this as the clinical fovea, and say that it corresponds to the anatomical foveola, a structure with a diameter of 0.35 mm corresponding to 1 degree of the visual field. In clinical usage the central part of the fovea is typically referred to simply as the fovea.<a href="#cite_note-Small1994-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-PeymanMeffert2000-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfaro2006-9">[9]</a>

In terms of visual acuity, "<a href="Foveal" class="mw-redirect" title="Foveal">foveal</a> vision" may be defined as vision using the part of the retina in which a visual acuity of at least 20/20 (6/6 metric or 0.0 LogMAR; internationally 1.0) is attained. This corresponds to using the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) with a diameter of 0.5 mm representing 1.5° of the visual field (although often idealized as perfect circles, the central structures of the retina tend to be irregular ovals). Thus, foveal vision may also be defined as the central 1.5–2° of the visual field. Vision within the fovea is generally called central vision, while vision outside of the fovea, or even outside the foveola, is called peripheral, or indirect vision.<a href="#cite_note-StrasburgerRentschler2011-1">[1]</a>

A ring-shaped region surrounding the fovea, known as the <a href="Parafovea" title="Parafovea">parafovea</a>, is sometimes taken to represent an intermediate form of vision called paracentral vision.<a href="#cite_note-Colman2009-10">[10]</a> The parafovea has an outer diameter of 2.5 mm representing 8° of the visual field.<a href="#cite_note-SwansonFish1995-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polyak-12">[12]</a>

The <a href="Macula" title="Macula">macula</a>, the next larger region of the retina, is defined as having at least two layers of <a href="Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> (bundles of nerves and neurons) and is sometimes taken as defining the boundaries of central vs. peripheral vision<a href="#cite_note-Morris1992-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-M.D.1879-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1892-15">[15]</a> (but this is controversial<a href="#cite_note-myths-16">[16]</a>). Estimates of the macula’s size differ,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> its diameter estimated at 6° – 10°<a href="#cite_note-Oyster-18">[18]</a> (corresponding to 1.7 – 2.9 mm), up to 17° of the visual field (5.5 mm<a href="#cite_note-factor-5">[5]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-GuptaMazumdar2010-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polyak-12">[12]</a> The term is familiar in the general public through the widespread <a href="Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a> (AMD) at older age, where central vision is lost.

When viewed from the pupil, as in an eye exam, only the central portion of the macula may be visible. Known to anatomists as the clinical macula (and in clinical setting as simply the macula) this inner region is thought to correspond to the anatomical fovea.<a href="#cite_note-AlfaroKerrison2014-20">[20]</a>

A dividing line between near and mid peripheral vision at 30° radius can be based on several features of visual performance.

<a href="Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">Visual acuity</a> declines systematically up to 30° eccentricity: At 2°, acuity is half the foveal value, at 4° one-third, at 6° one-fourth etc. At 30°, it is one-sixteenth the foveal value.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-StrasburgerRentschler2011-1">[1]</a> From thereon the decline is steeper.<a href="#cite_note-Anstis-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-BesharseBok2011-23">[23]</a> (Note that it would be wrong to say, the value were halved every 2°, as said in some textbooks or in previous versions of this article.) <a href="#cite_note-myths-16">[16]</a>

Color perception is strong at 20° but weak at 40°.<a href="#cite_note-AbramovGordon1991-24">[24]</a> In dark-adapted vision, light sensitivity corresponds to rod density, which peaks just at 18°. From 18° towards the center, rod density declines rapidly. From 18° away from the center, rod density declines more gradually, in a curve with distinct inflection points resulting in two humps. The outer edge of the second hump is at about 30°, and corresponds to the outer edge of good night vision.<a href="#cite_note-Sebag-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhaoping2014-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-McIlwain1996-27">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_boundaries">Outer boundaries</h3></div>

The outer boundaries of peripheral vision correspond to the boundaries of the <a href="Visual_field" title="Visual field">visual field</a> as a whole. For a single eye, the extent of the visual field can be (roughly) defined in terms of four angles, each measured from the fixation point, i.e., the point at which one's gaze is directed. These angles, representing four cardinal directions, are 60° upwards, 60° nasally (towards the nose), 70–75° downwards, and 100–110° temporally (away from the nose and towards the temple).<a href="#cite_note-Rönne-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Traquair-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-SavinoDanesh-Meyer2012-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-RyanSchachat2012-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrattlerKaiser2012-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-erratum-33">[33]</a> For both eyes the combined visual field is 130–135° vertically<a href="#cite_note-Dagnelie2011-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dohse2007-35">[35]</a> and 200–220° horizontally.<a href="#cite_note-Traquair-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-szinte-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-erratum-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

The loss of peripheral vision while retaining central vision is known as <a href="Tunnel_vision" title="Tunnel vision">tunnel vision</a>, and the loss of central vision while retaining peripheral vision is known as <a href="Central_scotoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Central scotoma">central scotoma</a>.

Peripheral vision is weak in <a href="Human" title="Human">humans</a>, especially at distinguishing <a href="Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">detail</a>, <a href="Color_vision" title="Color vision">color</a>, and shape. This is because the density of receptor and ganglion cells in the <a href="Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> is greater at the center and lowest at the edges, and, moreover, the <a href="Cortical_magnification" title="Cortical magnification">representation in the visual cortex</a> is much smaller than that of the fovea<a href="#cite_note-StrasburgerRentschler2011-1">[1]</a> (see <a href="Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> for an explanation of these concepts). The distribution of receptor cells across the retina is different between the two main types, <a href="Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a> and <a href="Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cells</a>. Rod cells are unable to distinguish color and peak in density in the near periphery (at 18° eccentricity), while cone cell density is highest in the very center, the <a href="Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">fovea</a>. Note that this does not mean that there is a lack of cones representing in the periphery; colors can be distinguished in peripheral vision.<a href="#cite_note-Tyler2015-37">[37]</a>

<a href="Flicker_fusion_threshold" title="Flicker fusion threshold">Flicker fusion thresholds</a> decline towards the periphery, but do that at a lower rate than other visual functions; so the periphery has a relative advantage at noticing flicker.<a href="#cite_note-StrasburgerRentschler2011-1">[1]</a> Peripheral vision is also relatively good at detecting motion (a feature of <a href="Magnocellular_cell" title="Magnocellular cell">Magno cells</a>).

Central vision is relatively weak in the dark (scotopic vision) since cone cells lack sensitivity at low light levels. Rod cells, which are concentrated further away from the fovea, operate better than cone cells in low light. This makes peripheral vision useful for detecting faint light sources at night (like faint stars). Because of this, pilots are taught to use peripheral vision to scan for aircraft at night.

The distinctions between <a href="Foveal" class="mw-redirect" title="Foveal">foveal</a> (sometimes also called central) and peripheral vision are reflected in subtle physiological and anatomical differences in the <a href="Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a>. Different visual areas contribute to the processing of visual information coming from different parts of the visual field, and a complex of visual areas located along the banks of the interhemispheric fissure (a deep groove that separates the two brain hemispheres) has been linked to peripheral vision. It has been suggested that these areas are important for fast reactions to visual stimuli in the periphery, and monitoring body position relative to gravity.<a href="#cite_note-PalmerRosa2006-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2></div>

The main functions of peripheral vision are:<a href="#cite_note-Hans-Werner_Hunziker_2006-38">[38]</a>

<ul><li>recognition of well-known structures and forms with no need to focus by the foveal line of sight</li>

<li>identification of similar forms and movements (<a href="Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt psychology</a> laws)</li>

<li>delivery of sensations which form the background of detailed visual perception</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extreme_peripheral_vision">Extreme peripheral vision</h2></div>

When viewed at large angles, the iris and pupil appear to be rotated toward the viewer due to the optical refraction in the cornea. As a result, the pupil may still be visible at angles greater than 90°.<a href="#cite_note-SpringStiles1948-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FedtkeManns2010-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-MathurGehrmann2013-43">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cone-rich_rim_of_the_retina">Cone-rich rim of the retina</h3></div>

The rim of the retina contains a large concentration of cone cells. The retina extends farthest in the superior-nasal 45° quadrant (in the direction from the pupil to the bridge of the nose) with the greatest extent of the visual field in the opposite direction, the inferior temporal 45° quadrant (from the pupil of either eye towards the bottom of the nearest ear). Vision at this extreme part of the visual field is thought to be possibly concerned with threat detection, measuring optical flow, color constancy, or circadian rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-MollonRegan1998-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams1991-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-ToRegan2011-46">[46]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Averted_vision" title="Averted vision">Averted vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Bitemporal_hemianopsia" title="Bitemporal hemianopsia">Bitemporal hemianopsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_movement_(sensory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye movement (sensory)">Eye movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_movement_in_music_reading" title="Eye movement in music reading">Eye movement in music reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">Fovea</a></li>

<li><a href="Perimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimetry">Perimetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_field" title="Visual field">Visual field</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunnel_vision" title="Tunnel vision">Tunnel vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">Binocular vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">Macular degeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">Glaucoma</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-factor-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factor_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factor_5-1">b</a> 1 mm = 3.436°

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<li id="cite_note-SwansonFish1995-11"><a href="#cite_ref-SwansonFish1995_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSwansonFish1995" class="citation journal cs1">Swanson, William H.; Fish, Gary E. (1995). "Color matches in diseased eyes with good acuity: detection of deficits in cone optical density and in chromatic discrimination". Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 12 (10): 2230–2236. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JOSAA..12.2230S">1995JOSAA..12.2230S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.12.002230">10.1364/JOSAA.12.002230</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-7529">1084-7529</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7500203">7500203</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Polyak-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polyak_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polyak_12-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPolyak1941" class="citation book cs1">Polyak, S. L. (1941). The Retina. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Morris1992-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris1992_13-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMorris1992" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Christopher G. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nauWlPTBcjIC&pg=PA1610">Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology</a>. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 1610. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-200400-1</bdi>. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-M.D.1879-14"><a href="#cite_ref-M.D.1879_14-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLandolt1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Edmund_Landolt" title="Edmund Landolt">Landolt, Edmund</a> (1879). Swan M.Burnett (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21512619">A Manual of Examination of the Eyes</a>. D.G. Brinton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21512619/page/201">201</a>. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Johnston1892-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston1892_15-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJohnston1892" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, J. Milton (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eyestudiesaseri00johngoog">Eye Studies; a Series of Lessons on Vision and Visual Tests</a>. Johnston. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eyestudiesaseri00johngoog/page/n72">56</a>. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-myths-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-myths_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myths_16-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFStrasburger2020" class="citation journal cs1">Strasburger, Hans (May 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2041669520913052">"Seven myths on crowding and peripheral vision"</a>. i-Perception. 11 (3). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2041669520913052">10.1177/2041669520913052</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7238452">7238452</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> since there are no precise borders

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Oyster-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Oyster_18-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOyster1999" class="citation book cs1">Oyster, Clyde W. (1999). The Human Eye, Structure and Function. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87893-645-9</bdi>.</cite>; sizes based on data of Polyak, Oesterberg, and Curcio.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GuptaMazumdar2010-19"><a href="#cite_ref-GuptaMazumdar2010_19-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGuptaMazumdarChoudhry2010" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, AK.; Mazumdar, Shahana; Choudhry, Saurabh (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OuK0cbytQWwC&pg=PA4">Practical Approach to Ophthalmoscopic Retinal Diagnosis</a>. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-8448-877-7</bdi>. Retrieved 30 November 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-AlfaroKerrison2014-20"><a href="#cite_ref-AlfaroKerrison2014_20-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlfaroKerrison2014" class="citation book cs1">Alfaro, D. Virgil; Kerrison, John B. (4 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZhtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36">Age-Related Macular Degeneration</a>. Wolters Kluwer Health. pp. 36–7. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4698-8964-1</bdi>. Retrieved 30 November 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The decline is according to E2/(E2+E), where E is eccentricity in degrees visual angle, and E2 is a constant of approximately 2°. An E2 value of 2° results from Anstis’s (1974) Figure 1, with the foveal value assumed to be standard 20/20 acuity.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Anstis-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Anstis_22-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnstis1974" class="citation journal cs1">Anstis, S. M. (1974). "A chart demonstrating variations in acuity with retinal position". Vision Research. 14 (7): 589–592. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0042-6989%2874%2990049-2">10.1016/0042-6989(74)90049-2</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4419807">4419807</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-BesharseBok2011-23"><a href="#cite_ref-BesharseBok2011_23-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBesharseBok2011" class="citation book cs1">Besharse, Joseph C.; Bok, Dean (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xi9FyjeKQncC&pg=PA4">The Retina and Its Disorders</a>. Academic Press. p. 4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-382198-0</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-AbramovGordon1991-24"><a href="#cite_ref-AbramovGordon1991_24-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAbramovGordonChan1991" class="citation journal cs1">Abramov, Israel; Gordon, James; Chan, Hoover (1991). "Color appearance in the peripheral retina: effects of stimulus size". Journal of the Optical Society of America A. 8 (2): 404–414. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JOSAA...8..404A">1991JOSAA...8..404A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSAA.8.000404">10.1364/JOSAA.8.000404</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-7529">1084-7529</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2007915">2007915</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Zhaoping2014-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhaoping2014_26-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLi_Zhaoping2014" class="citation book cs1">Li Zhaoping (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuHoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Understanding Vision: Theory, Models, and Data</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 37. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-100830-6</bdi>. Retrieved 2 December 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-McIlwain1996-27"><a href="#cite_ref-McIlwain1996_27-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcIlwain1996" class="citation book cs1">McIlwain, James T. (28 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontobi0000mcil">An Introduction to the Biology of Vision</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontobi0000mcil/page/92">92</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-49890-6</bdi>. Retrieved 2 December 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Traquair-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Traquair_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traquair_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Traquair_28-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFTraquair1938" class="citation book cs1">Traquair, Harry Moss (1938). An Introduction to Clinical Perimetry, Chpt. 1. London: Henry Kimpton. pp. 4–5.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Rönne-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Rönne_29-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRönne1915" class="citation journal cs1">Rönne, Henning (1915). "Zur Theorie und Technik der Bjerrrumschen Gesichtsfelduntersuchung". Archiv für Augenheilkunde. 78 (4): 284–301.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-RyanSchachat2012-31"><a href="#cite_ref-RyanSchachat2012_31-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRyanSchachatWilkinsonDavid_R._Hinton2012" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Stephen J.; Schachat, Andrew P.; Wilkinson, Charles P.; David R. Hinton; SriniVas R. Sadda; <a href="Peter_Wiedemann" title="Peter Wiedemann">Peter Wiedemann</a> (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PdAsuzFRv5oC&pg=PT342">Retina</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 342. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4557-3780-2</bdi>. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-TrattlerKaiser2012-32"><a href="#cite_ref-TrattlerKaiser2012_32-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTrattlerKaiserFriedman2012" class="citation book cs1">Trattler, William B.; Kaiser, Peter K.; Friedman, Neil J. (5 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AazA_9TQnHYC&pg=PA255">Review of Ophthalmology: Expert Consult - Online and Print</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 255. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4557-3773-4</bdi>. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-erratum-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erratum_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-erratum_33-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFStrasburgerJüttner2024" class="citation journal cs1">Strasburger, H.; Jüttner, M. (April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2793585">"Erratum. Corrections to: Strasburger, Rentschler & Jüttner (2011), Peripheral Vision and Pattern Recognition"</a>. Journal of Vision. 24 (15). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1167%2Fjov.24.4.15">10.1167/jov.24.4.15</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11033599">11033599</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Dagnelie2011-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Dagnelie2011_34-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDagnelie2011" class="citation book cs1">Dagnelie, Gislin (21 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gislin_Dagnelie_Visual_Prosthetics">Visual Prosthetics: Physiology, Bioengineering, Rehabilitation</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Gislin_Dagnelie_Visual_Prosthetics/page/n401">398</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4419-0754-7</bdi>. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Dohse2007-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Dohse2007_35-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDohse2007" class="citation book cs1">Dohse, K.C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2pSW2D4s7gC&pg=PA6">Effects of Field of View and Stereo Graphics on Memory in Immersive Command and Control</a>. p. 6. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-549-33503-0</bdi>. Retrieved 9 November 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-szinte-36"><a href="#cite_ref-szinte_36-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSzinteCavanagh2012" class="citation cs2">Szinte, Martin; Cavanagh, Patrick (15 October 2012), "Apparent Motion from Outside the Visual Field, Retinotopic Cortices May Register Extra-Retinal Positions", PLOS ONE, 7 (10): e47386, <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...747386S">2012PLoSO...747386S</a>, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0047386">10.1371/journal.pone.0047386</a>, <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3471811">3471811</a>, <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23077606">23077606</a>, <q>With our head and eyes steady, our normal binocular vision covers a visual field of about 200 to 220 degrees of visual angle.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Tyler2015-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyler2015_37-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTyler2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tyler, Christopher (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975120">"Peripheral Color Demo"</a>. i-Perception. 6 (6): 5. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2041669515613671">10.1177/2041669515613671</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975120">4975120</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27551354">27551354</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> DE GROOT, A. : Perception and memory in chess; an experimental study of the heuristics of the professional eye. Mimeograph; Psychologisch Laboratorium Universiteit van Amsterdam, Seminarium September 1969

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<li id="cite_note-MathurGehrmann2013-43"><a href="#cite_ref-MathurGehrmann2013_43-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMathurGehrmannAtchison2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mathur, A.; Gehrmann, J.; Atchison, D. A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofvision.org/content/13/6/3.full">"Pupil shape as viewed along the horizontal visual field"</a>. Journal of Vision. 13 (6): 3. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1167%2F13.6.3">10.1167/13.6.3</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-7362">1534-7362</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23648308">23648308</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-MollonRegan1998-44"><a href="#cite_ref-MollonRegan1998_44-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMollonReganBowmaker1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mollon, J D; Regan, B C; Bowmaker, J K (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vision.psychol.cam.ac.uk/jdmollon/papers/MollonReganBowmaker.pdf">"What is the function of the cone-rich rim of the retina?"</a> (PDF). Eye. 12 (3b): 548–552. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Feye.1998.144">10.1038/eye.1998.144</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-222X">0950-222X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9775216">9775216</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Williams1991-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams1991_45-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilliams1991" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Robert W. (1991). "The human retina has a cone-enriched rim". Visual Neuroscience. 6 (4): 403–6. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952523800006647">10.1017/S0952523800006647</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-5238">0952-5238</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1829378">1829378</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10369867">10369867</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ToRegan2011-46"><a href="#cite_ref-ToRegan2011_46-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFToReganWoodMollon2011" class="citation journal cs1">To, M.P.S.; Regan, B.C.; Wood, Dora; Mollon, J.D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.visres.2010.11.008">"Vision out of the corner of the eye"</a>. Vision Research. 51 (1): 203–214. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.visres.2010.11.008">10.1016/j.visres.2010.11.008</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6989">0042-6989</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21093472">21093472</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

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</style><div id="Stereoscopy_and_3D_display141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a> and <a href="3D_display" title="3D display">3D display</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3D_stereo_view" title="3D stereo view">3D stereo view</a></li>

<li><a href="Binocular_rivalry" title="Binocular rivalry">Binocular rivalry</a></li>

<li><a href="Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">Binocular vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromostereopsis" title="Chromostereopsis">Chromostereopsis</a></li>

<li><a href="Convergence_insufficiency" title="Convergence insufficiency">Convergence insufficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Correspondence_problem" title="Correspondence problem">Correspondence problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth perception</a></li>

<li><a href="Epipolar_geometry" title="Epipolar geometry">Epipolar geometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinetic_depth_effect" title="Kinetic depth effect">Kinetic depth effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">Stereopsis</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereopsis_recovery" title="Stereopsis recovery">Stereopsis recovery</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopic_acuity" title="Stereoscopic acuity">Stereoscopic acuity</a></li>

<li><a href="Vergence-accommodation_conflict" title="Vergence-accommodation conflict">Vergence-accommodation conflict</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">Active shutter 3D system</a></li>

<li><a href="Anaglyph_3D" title="Anaglyph 3D">Anaglyph 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bubblegram" title="Bubblegram">Bubblegram</a></li>

<li><a href="Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</a></li>

<li><a href="Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li>

<li><a href="Integral_imaging" title="Integral imaging">Integral imaging</a></li>

<li><a href="Lenticular_lens" title="Lenticular lens">Lenticular lens</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiscopy" title="Multiscopy">Multiscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallax_barrier" title="Parallax barrier">Parallax barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">Parallax scrolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Polarized_3D_system" title="Polarized 3D system">Polarized 3D system</a></li>

<li><a href="Specular_holography" title="Specular holography">Specular holography</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_display" title="3D display">Stereo display</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">Stereoscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Vectograph" title="Vectograph">Vectograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</a></li>

<li><a href="Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggle_stereoscopy" title="Wiggle stereoscopy">Wiggle stereoscopy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="2D_to_3D_conversion" title="2D to 3D conversion">2D to 3D conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="2D_plus_Delta" title="2D plus Delta">2D plus Delta</a></li>

<li><a href="2D-plus-depth" title="2D-plus-depth">2D-plus-depth</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_stereo_vision" title="Computer stereo vision">Computer stereo vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">Multiview Video Coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallax_scanning" title="Parallax scanning">Parallax scanning</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudoscope" title="Pseudoscope">Pseudoscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereo_photography_techniques" title="Stereo photography techniques">Stereo photography techniques</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoautograph" title="Stereoautograph">Stereoautograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopic_depth_rendition" title="Stereoscopic depth rendition">Stereoscopic depth rendition</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopic_rangefinder" title="Stereoscopic rangefinder">Stereoscopic rangefinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopic_spectroscopy" title="Stereoscopic spectroscopy">Stereoscopic spectroscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopic_video_coding" title="Stereoscopic video coding">Stereoscopic video coding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3D_camcorder" title="3D camcorder">3D camcorder</a></li>

<li><a href="3D_television" title="3D television">3D television</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D-enabled mobile phones</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_3D" title="Digital 3D">Digital 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">Stereo camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereo_microscope" title="Stereo microscope">Stereo microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopic_video_game" title="Stereoscopic video game">Stereoscopic video game</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Fujifilm_FinePix_Real_3D" title="Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D">Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Infitec" title="Infitec">Infitec</a></li>

<li><a href="MasterImage_3D" title="MasterImage 3D">MasterImage 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a>

<li><a href="Nvidia_3D_Vision" title="Nvidia 3D Vision">Nvidia 3D Vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Panavision_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Panavision 3D">Panavision 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="RealD_3D" title="RealD 3D">RealD 3D</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharp_Actius_RD3D_Notebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp Actius RD3D Notebook">Sharp Actius RD3D</a></li>

<li><a href="View-Master" title="View-Master">View-Master</a></li>

<li><a href="XpanD_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="XpanD 3D">XpanD 3D</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stereographer" title="Stereographer">Stereographer</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereoscopic_Displays_and_Applications" title="Stereoscopic Displays and Applications">Stereoscopic Displays and Applications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_processes175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"><div id="Mental_processes175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mental processes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a href="Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Association_(psychology)" title="Association (psychology)">Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_flexibility" title="Cognitive flexibility">Cognitive flexibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">affective</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li>

<li><a href="Understanding" title="Understanding">Comprehension</a></li>

<li><a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagination" title="Imagination">Imagination</a></li>

<li><a href="Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a>

<ul><li><a href="Problem_solving#Problem-solving_methods" title="Problem solving">methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_solving#Problem-solving_strategies" title="Problem solving">strategies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prospection" title="Prospection">Prospection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a href="Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amodal_perception" title="Amodal perception">Amodal</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color</a>

<ul><li><a href="RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB model</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth</a></li>

<li><a href="Haptic_perception" title="Haptic perception">Haptic</a> (<a href="Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Perception as interpretation</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_perception" title="Social perception">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Sound</a>

<ul><li><a href="Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Harmonics</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_perception" title="Speech perception">Speech</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a href="Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Memory_consolidation" title="Memory consolidation">Consolidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Encoding_(memory)" title="Encoding (memory)">Encoding</a></li>

<li><a href="Storage_(memory)" title="Storage (memory)">Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Recall_(memory)" title="Recall (memory)">Recall</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li>

<li><a href="Experiential_avoidance" title="Experiential avoidance">Experiential avoidance</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_of_Higher_Nervous_Activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Higher Nervous Activity">Higher nervous activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li>

<li><a href="Ironic_process_theory" title="Ironic process theory">Ironic process theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Fatigue#Mental" title="Fatigue">Mental fatigue</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_frame_theory" title="Relational frame theory">Relational frame theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_(psychology)" title="Set (psychology)">Mental set</a></li>

<li><a href="Thought" title="Thought">Thinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Thought_suppression" title="Thought suppression">Thought suppression</a></li>

<li><a href="Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">Volition</a></li></ul>

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